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- Chemokine
Interleukin-8 Production as a
Host Pro-Inflammatory Response Induced by Gastrointestinal
Pathogens
- Effect
of Lactobacillus on Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
-Induced Alterations in
Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability
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Research Abstracts
- Chemokine Interleukin-8 Production as a Host
Pro-Inflammatory Response Induced by Gastrointestinal Pathogens.
Yeung HP, Johnson-Henry K and Sherman PM (2001). Presented at the
2001 Paediatric.Academic Societies meeting, Baltimore, MD, April
30, 2001.
Infection by enteropathogens
Helicobactor pylori, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) involves attachment by
the bacteria to host epithelial cells and induction of host cell
secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-8
(IL-8). Previous studies suggest that Lactobacillus, which
composes part of the commensal gut flora, may exert a protective
effect against infection by preemptively binding the epithelial
cells, thereby decreasing the available surface area for further
attachment by harmful organisms. However, it is not yet known
whether exposure of exogenous Lactobacilli in host epithelial
cells provokes a pro-inflammatory response as observed with
pathogenic bacteria. Our study aimed to assess the response by
epithelial cells infected with pathogenic bacteria (H. pylori,
EPEC, and EHEC) versus non-pathogenic bacteria (L. acidophilus
R0052 and L. rhamnosus R0011).
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Effect of Lactobacillus onEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-Induced
Alterations in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Permeability.
Johnson-Henry KC, Tompkins TA, Sherman PM (2001). Presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology in
Orlando, Florida, May 20-24, 2001.
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) E2348/69 and
enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection result
in watery diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic
syndrome in children. EPEC and EHEC infection decrease the
transepithelial electrical resistance of polarized human T84 cell
monolayers thereby inducing an increase in permeability. The aims
of this study were to define the effects of probiotic bacteria on
transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of T84 epithelial
cells and to determine if Lactobacillus species (L. rhamnosus
R0011 and L. acidophilus R0052) were able to prevent E. coli
strains E2348/69(O127:H6) and CL-56 (O157:H7) induced changes in
TER. Alterations of the TER were measured after an 18 hour
incubation. Both EPEC and EHEC decreased resistance to
approximately 20% of control values, whereas L. rhamnosus R0011
and L. acidophilus R0052 did not drop TER. There was a time
dependent attenuation of the drop in resistance produced by EPEC
and EHEC when T84 cells were pre-treated with L. rhamnosus R0011
and L. acidophilus R0052. At 6 hours, there was a significant
increase of the TER towards control values. Further studies
defining the mechanisms of action may lead to a novel approach for
treating and preventing EPEC and EHEC-induced diarrhea.
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Production of exopolysaccharide by Lactobacillus
rhamnosus R and analysis of its enzymatic degradation during
prolonged fermentation. Pham PL, Dupont I, Roy D, Lapointe G,
Cerning J (2000). Appl Environ Microbiol 66:2302-2310 The potential of
Lactobacillus rhamnosus R for producing exopolysaccharide (EPS)
when grown on basal minimum medium supplemented with glucose or
lactose was investigated. EPS production by L. rhamnosus R is
partially growth associated and about 500 mg of EPS per liter was
synthesized with both sugars. The product yield coefficient
(Y(EPS/S)) was 3.15 (0.0315 g of EPS [g of lactose](-1)) and 2.88
(0.0288 g of EPS [g of glucose](-1)). It was clearly shown that
the amount of EPS produced declined upon prolonged fermentation.
Degradation of EPS in fermentation processes was also assessed by
measuring its molecular weights and viscosities. As these
reductions might have a negative effect on the yield and
viscosifying properties of EPS, it was essential to examine
possible causes related to this breakdown. The decrease in
viscosities and molecular weights of EPS withdrawn at different
cultivation times permitted us to suspect the presence of a
depolymerizing enzyme in the fermentation medium. Our study on
enzymatic production profiles showed a large spectrum of
glycohydrolases (alpha-D-glucosidase, beta-D-glucosidase,
alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase,
and some traces of alpha-L-rhamnosidase). These enzymes were
localized, two of them (alpha-D-glucosidase and
beta-D-glucuronidase) were partially purified and characterized.
When incubated with EPS, these enzymes were capable of lowering
the viscosity of the polymer as well as liberating some reducing
sugars. Upon prolonged incubation (27 h), the loss of viscosity
was increased up to 33%.
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Effects of Lactic Acid
Bacteria on cytokine production by a human intestinal epithelial
cell line. Wallace TD, Tompkins TA and Green-Johnson JM (2000).
Presented at the Danone Symposium on Fermented Food, Fermentation
and Intestinal Flora, New York, NY, May 2000.
Orally ingested lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been shown to have
immunostimulatory effects in several different systems. One route
through which they may be able to exert their effects is through
interactions with intestinal epithelial cells. This cell type has
recently been shown to be capable of c ytokine production, and
thus to play an active role in the immune response. We have
examined the effects of lactic acid bacteria on the production of
three cytokines (Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8 and RANTES) by the
human intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29. Two of the five
strains of LAB tested, Lactobacillus delbreuckii ssp.lactis
(R0187), and L. rhamnosus (R0011), were found to exert effects on
cytokine production, resulting in up-regulation of Interleukin-6
production and down-regulation of IL-8 production, with no
significant effects on RANTES production. These effects were only
observed with industrial preparations of these bacteria, and not
with strains grown in Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth, suggesting
that growth conditions may be a critical factor in determining the
immunostimulatory potential of certain LAB.
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Induction of Interleukin-6 and Tumour Necrosis Factor
Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria. Wallace TD, Measham JD, Tompkins
TA and Green-Johnson JM (2000). Presented at the Annual Meeting of
the American Association of Immunologists in Seattle, WA, May
2000.
Interest in the immunostimulatory effects of probiotic
lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has raised many questions about their
potential mode of action. We examined the effects on cytokine
production by intestinal epithelial cells and by splenic
macrophages, comparing different species and strains of LAB, as
well as strains grown under different conditions (lab-grown (LG)
versus industrial preparations (IND)). Effects on cytokine
production by epithelial cells were measured using the human
intestinal cell line HT-29. IL-6 production was enhanced by IND
strains of Lactobacillus delbreuckii ssp. lactis (R0187) and L.
rhamnosus (strains R0011 and R0049), but not by LG preparations of
the same strains. The same trend was observed for Bifidobacterium
longum (R0175), with less marked effects on IL-6 production.
Initial results suggest strain and growth-condition-related
variation in the ability to up-regulate production of IL-6 and TNF
by murine splenocytes and macrophages. These findings support the
potential for the lactic acid bacteria to be used as
immunostimulants, and suggest that their relative efficacy may
vary not only with strain, but also with growth conditions.
Effects on the production of these cytokines may reflect an
important route through which probiotic lactic acid bacteria can
influence the immune response.
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The Immunomodulatory Effects of Selenium, as a
Component of Mineral Enriched Yeast, in a Murine System. Measham, JD
and Green-Johnson, JM (2000). Presented at the International
Symposium on Probiotics in Montreal, QC, October 2000. Introduction:
Micronutrients, such as selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) are essential
components of mammalian diets. Se is a known, potent anti-oxidant.
However, observations of increased susceptibility to infection
associated with Se deficiency suggest an additional role as an
immunomodulator. The data presented here aims to elucidate the
action of Se and Zn, as components of mineral enriched yeast
(MEY), on both humoral and cell mediated immunity.Methods: The
immunomodulatory actions of MEY were explored by stimulating
murine splenocytes with MEY, preparations provided by the
Institute Rosell (IR), Montreal, QC. Effects on proliferation were
measured using an MTT Colorimetric assay. Antibody (Ab) production
was measured using by ELISA. Cytokine induction was measured by
ELISA (for Interleukin 6) or by bioassay (for Tumor necrosis
factor alpha).Results: All of the yeast preparations tested,
Zn-enriched MEY (Zn-50; IR), Se-enriched MEY (Selena; IR) and
non-mineral enriched yeast controls (LBI 2133; IR) significantly
affected proliferation of murine spleen cells (ANOVA P<0.000,
N=4). Initial results suggest that MEY are not effective inducers
of Ab production. A dose-dependent trend for TNF-? and IL-6
induction was observed for both Zn and Se MEY, relative to control
yeast preparations. Se MEY was a more potent inducer of both
cytokines, and cytokine production increased with increasing Se
concentration. In contrast more cytokine was detected when lower
Zn MEY concentrations were used. Interestingly, Zn MEY at 3000
ng/mL completely suppressed production of both TNF-? and IL-6, yet
induced significant levels of proliferation.Conclusion: The most
dramatic immunostimulatory effects of MEY were on cytokine
production. Dose dependent cytokine down-regulation induced by Zn
MEY does not appear to be a result of direct toxicity, as
proliferation was enhanced. Together, these results suggest that
MEY can affect the immune system.
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Lactobacillus species inhibit adherence of
enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli to
host epithelial cells. Johnson-Henry, K., T.A. Tompkins and P.M.
Sherman (2000a). Presented at the Danone Symposium on Fermented
Food, Fermentation and Intestinal Flora, New York, NY May
2000. The role of
probiotics as therapeutic agents to prevent diarrheal disease
caused by enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli
that cause protracted diarrhea in infants and hemorrhagic colitis,
respectively has not been evaluated in detail. The purpose of this
study was to determine if Lactobacillus species bind to human
epithelial cells in tissue culture and inhibit binding of
diarrheagenic E. coli to host cell surfaces. Tissue culture cells
(HEp-2) were incubated with Lactobacillus acidophilus (R0052) and
L. rhamnosus (R0011) grown industrially or in MRS medium either
alone or in combination with enteropathogenic E. coli strain
E2348/69 (serotype O127:H6) or Shiga-toxin producing E. coli
strain CL-56 (O157:H7) for 3 hrs at 37oC. Brightfield microscopy
and quantitative binding assays were employed as complementary
measures of bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cell surfaces.
Adherence of probiotics to the surface of tissue culture cells
varied depending on the growth conditions employed (maximum
adhesion was observed when grown in MRS medium). Both
lactobacillus strains inhibited binding, in a dose dependent
manner, of enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli
to host cells thereby preventing rearrangements of host
cytoskeleton proteins. Lactobacillus species inhibit initial
adhesion of diarrheagenic E. coli strains that potentially may be
mediated by their ability to adhere to host cell surfaces. Future
studies will evaluate the effects of the probiotic strains on E.
coli-induced changes in ion fluxes and transepithelial electrical
resistance in polarized intestinal cell monolayers.
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- Lactobacillus species inhibit adherence of
diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to host epithelial cells.
Johnson-Henry, K., T. A. Tompkins and P. M. Sherman (2000b).
Presented at the International Symposium on Probiotics in Montreal,
QC, October 2000.
Probiotics could prevent diarrheal disease caused by
enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli that cause
protracted diarrhea in infants and hemorrhagic colitis,
respectively. The aims of this study were to determine if
Lactobacillus species adhere to human epithelial cells in tissue
culture and inhibit binding of diarrheagenic E. coli to host cell
surfaces. Tissue culture cells (HEp-2 and T84) were infected with
Lactobacillus acidophilus (R0011) and L. rhamnosus (R0052) grown
industrially or in Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth either alone or
in combination with enteropathogenic E. coli strain E2348/69
(serotype O127:H6) or Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, strain CL-56
(O157:H7) for 3 hrs at 37oC. Quantitative binding assays and
Giemsa staining were employed as complementary measures of
bacterial adhesion to eukaryotic cell surfaces. Adherence of
probiotics to the surface of tissue culture cells varied depending
on the growth conditions, bacterial species, and cell type
employed. Both lactobacillus strains inhibited binding, in a dose
dependent manner, of enteropathogenic E. coli and
enterohemorrhagic E. coli to host cells. Future studies will
evaluate the effects of the probiotic strains on E. coli-induced
changes in ion fluxes and transepithelial electrical resistance in
polarized intestinal cell monolayers.
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Protection against an
infectious disease by enterohaemorrhagic E. coli 0-157. Ota A
(1999). Med Hypotheses 53:87-88. Preventive
measures against infection by enterohaemorrhagic E. coli 0157 are
described. Eating yoghurt and Kefir induces more bifidobacteria
and lactic acid bacteria to colonize in the intestines, thereby
protecting humans from infection by E. coli 0157. Some foods, such
as plum extract, act as a mild antibiotic and produce an acidic
environment within the intestine, thus interfering with growth of
the E. coli 0157. The natural colonization of harmless E. coli or
other bacteria that are more powerful than E. coli 0157 can
possibly protect against infection. A vaccination against E. coli
0157 H7 may also be effective. In addition, it has been suggested
that the correct levels of nitric oxide and calcium in the blood
may activate immunity and protect against infection by E. coli
0157.
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- Immunomodulatory Effects of Different Lactobacillus
spp. On Proliferation and Cytokine Production by Murine Splenocyte
Fractions. Measham, J., A. A. Babcock, and J. M. Green-Johnson
(1999). Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society
of Microbiologists, Montreal, June 1999.
The lactic acid bacteria
(LAB) have been plenocyte as active components of the
gastrointestinal microflora. Recently LAB have been the focus of
investigations seeking to determine their potential as
immunomodulatory agents. We investigated cell proliferation and
cytokine production as a function of co-incubation of
murineplenocytes fractions and cell lines, with various
Lactobacillus spp. And strains of heat-killed LAB isolated from
yoghurt starter packs (Institut Rosell Inc.) and purchased
from the ATCC. In most cases, co-incubation induced a dose
dependent proliferative response. Based on considerable strain
difference noted previously in the ability to induce antibody
production, we anticipated strain-dependent variations in the
ability to induce cytokine production. Cytokine production by
murine splenocytes was seen following co-incubation with certain
of the LAB tested. LAB also induced cytokine production following
co-incubation with some of the cell lines tested. The
immunomodulatory potential of these ecologically important
probiotic flora warrants future study.
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- Casein-Derived Opioid Peptides and Lactobacilli:
Effects on Cell Proliferation and Antibody Production. Babcock, A.
A., J. Measham, and J. M. Green-Johnson (1999). Presented at the
49th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Microbiologists,
Montreal, QC, June 1999.
Purified peptide regions from bovine casein
have been shown to display bioactivity similar to that of the
endogenous opioids, neuropeptides now known to play an
immunomodulatory role. Released by the lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
during the fermentation of milk, casein-derived opioid peptides
use endorphin receptors to modify immune function. We investigated
the effects of the casein-derived peptides bovine beta-casomorphin
and morphiceptin on the proliferative response of the HT-29 human
intestinal epithelial cell line, and on proliferation and antibody
(Ab) production by murine splenocytes. Both peptides were shown to
modify HT-29 proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner,
when stimulated with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Escherichia coli,
or Lactobacilli. The casein peptides did not activate murine
splenocytes, but did modify Ab production by splenocytes
stimulated with LPS or LAB, and significantly suppressed the
proliferation of LAB-stimulated splenocytes. These investigations
have provided further insight into the effects of milk products on
the immune system, and may elucidate the mechanism through which
they influence immune function.
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- Characterization of bifidobacteria by random DNA
amplification. Vincent D, Roy D, Mondou F, and Dery C (1998). Int J
Food Microbiol 43:185-193.
RAPD conditions were optimized to
generate reproducible banding patterns by testing primers,
thermocyclers and overall reproducibility in repeat DNA analysis
and separate DNA extractions. Five primers were chosen on the
basis of band intensity and distribution (between 2 and 10 bands)
which clearly distinguished among strains of Bifidobacterium
adolescentis, B. animalis, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. infantis and
B. longum. The use of five single-primer reactions under optimized
conditions improved the resolution and accuracy of the RAPD method
for the characterization of dairy-related bifidobacteria. The
results indicated that this method was highly reproducible in
repeated analysis. Similarity between bifidobacteria strains was
evaluated based on their RAPD profiles. Using a set of five
primers, it was demonstrated that it may be possible to
distinguish three different species of Bifidobacterium (B. breve,
B. bifidum and B. adolescentis), based on similarity of the RAPD
profiles to known reference strains. Furthermore, application of
the RAPD technique may also be useful and faster, than traditional
systematics for placement of industrial strains into specific
clusters (either B. longum/infantis or B.
animalis/lactis).
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- Varied immunomodulatory effects of different
Lactobacillus spp. on cytokine production by murine splenocytes,
murine macrophages and macrophage cell lines. Measham JD and
Green-Johnson JM (1998). International Symposium for Microbial
Ecology-8, Halifax, NS, 1998.
The
lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been recognized as active
components of the gastrointestinal (GI) microflora. Recently, LAB
have been the focus of investigations seeking to determine their
potential as immunomodulatory agents. We investigated cell
proliferation and cytokine production as a function of
coincubation of murine splenocytes, murine macrophages and
macrophage cell lines with heat-killed Lactobacillus acidophilus
and L. bulgaricus isolated from yoghurt starter packs. Similar
studies were conducted with different strains purchased from the
ATCC. In most cases, co-incubation induced a dose dependent
proliferative response. Based on considerable strain differences
noted previously in the ability to induce antibody production, we
anticipated strain-dependent variations in the ability to induce
cytokine production. Significant IL-6 production by murine
splenocytes was seen following co-incubation with both strains of
L. bulgaricus. Similarly, induction of IL-6 production by murine
splenocytes was noted as a function of coincubation with L.
acidophilus strains. LAB also induced IL-6 production following
co-incubation with the macrophage cell line PU51-8. We are
currently examining the ability of these strains of Lactobacilli
to induce IL-6 production by purified murine splenic macrophages
and are also investigating the effects of LAB on other members of
the Interleukin family. The immunomodulatory potential of these
ecologically important probiotic flora warrants future
study.
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- Effect of yeast-supplemented feed on Salmonella and
Campylobacter populations in broilers. Line JE, Bailey JS, Cox NA,
Stern NJ, Tompkins TA (1998). Poult Sci. 77:405-410.
The
effect of the yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, on experimental
cecal colonization of broilers with Salmonella typhimurium and
Campylobacter jejuni was investigated. Duplicate pens of broiler
chicks were given ad libitum access to a standard feed
supplemented with no yeast (control), or 1 g (1x), or 100 g (100x)
dried S. boulardii/kg feed. All chicks except negative controls
were challenged on Day 4 with 3.2 x 10(8) cfu S. typhimurium and
6.5 x 10(8) cfu C. jejuni by oral gavage. After 3 wk, the broilers
were euthanatized and ceca were aseptically removed and analyzed
for Salmonella and Campylobacter. Frequency of Salmonella
colonization was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced due to yeast
treatment. Of the positive control birds, 70% were colonized with
Salmonella; whereas only 20 and 5% of the 1x and 100x
yeast-treated birds were colonized. Mean number of Salmonella per
gram of ceca and contents were log 1.64, 0.35, and 0.15,
respectively, for the control, 1x, and 100x yeast-treated birds.
Campylobacter colonization was not significantly affected by yeast
treatment. Similar results were obtained from a second trial
conducted in larger isolation floor pens.
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Bifidobacteria and their role in yoghurt-related
products. Roy D, Mainville I, and Mondou F (1997). Microecology and
Therapy 26: 167-180.
Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071, B. breve R0070, B. infantis
R0033, and B. longum R0175 were used in combination with yoghurt
culture organisms to produce yoghurt-related products with pH
values of 4.2 (Yoghurt 4.2) and 4.6 (Yoghurt 4.6) obtained after
fermentation and cooling. In Yoghurt 4.2 stored at 4oC, the number
of viable cells of B. breve was >106 CFU/ml until the 10th day
of storage whereas viable cells of B. bifidum, B. infantis and B.
longum were <106 CFU/ml after 3, 3 and 7 days of storage at
4oC, respectively. In Yoghurt 4.2 stored at 12oC, B. breve also
exhibited higher survival rates than all other species although
the decline was more rapid at storage temperature of 12oC as
compared to 4oC. In Yoghurts 4.6, the survival of bifidobacteria
was better than in Yoghurts 4.2 because the extent of
acidification was lower; B. breve survived very well during 16
days of storage at both temperatures and the number of viable
cells of B. bifidum, B. infantis and B. longum was >106 CFU/ml
during 10 days of storage at 4oC. In this study, the number of
lactobacilli was high, except in yoghurt-related products made by
a combination of streptococci, lactobacilli and B. breve because
this latter strain was metabolically active and could modify the
ratio of streptococci and lactobacilli during the preparation of
the products which resulted in a reduction of postacidification. A
slight loss of beta-galactosidase activity was observed during the
preparation of yoghurt-related products with bifidobacteria
although the lactose content in these products was lower than in
the control.
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- Possible mitogenic
effects of Lactobacillus ssp. on murine B, T and macrophage cell
lines. Easo JG, Measham JD and Green-Johnson J (1997). Presented
at the 47th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of
Microbiology, Quebec City, QC, June 1997.
Summary: Heat-killed L. bulgaricus (Rosell Yogurt Start Culture,
YS) and L. acidophilus (R0052) both induced significant IgM
production by murine splenocytes. L. acidophilus (R0052) also
induced significant IgG production by murine splenocytes,
indicative of a mitogenic effect. High Ab levels were still
observed after removal of L. acidophilus-specific Ab from spleen
cell supernatants providing evidence for polyclonal B cell
activation. L. bulgaricus (ATCC) and L. acidophilus (ATCC) failed
to induce significant levels of Ab production by murine
splenocytes, indicating a marked strain difference within species
of lactobacilli. All lactobacilli tested failed to induce Ab
production by murine B cell lines A20 and X16C8.5. L. bulgaricus
(ATCC) induces IL-6 production in murine splenocytes. IL-6
production has been noted in both the macrophage cell line PU51-8
and in murine splenocytes stimulated by L. bulgaricus (Y.S.) and
L. acidophilus (YS) respectively.
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Lactobacillus acidophilus in the Treatment of
Children with Gastrointestinal Tract Disease. Tláskal P, Michková E,
Klazarová H, Jerábková L, Nevoral J, Balácková J, Tejnická J,
Valtrová V, Simandlová M, and Kejvalová L (1996). Cesko-Slovenská,
51: 615-619.
The authors evaluated two groups of child patients with
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The first group was formed
by 33 children (12 infants, 13 toddlers and 8 older children) who
were given lyophilysate of active Lactobacillus acidophilus
bacteria (LA; Institut Rosell Inc., Canada). The second group of
children was formed by 42 patients (23 infants, 13 toddlers, 6
older children) who did not receive LA and were treated by
preparations of mixtures of adsorption clay, smectite (Smecta
pulvis) and a concentrate of metabolic products of common
intestinal symbiotic bacteria (preparation Hylak forte). Otherwise
treatment in the two groups was the same. Comparison of the
results of the two groups revealed that LA contributed in a
significant way to the regression of diarrhoea (quantity and
quality of bowel movements) in patients with acute gastroenteritis
(p<0.01). The incidence of Citrobacter freundii decreased, in
particular in infants. The presence of bacteria Salmonella
enteritidis persisted however after treatment of children of both
groups. LA contributed also significantly (p<0.01) to more
rapid recovery from diarrhoea in children treated with antibiotics
for other than gastrointestinal disease. When evaluating other
clinical symptoms of gastrointestinal disease (temperature,
vomiting, abdominal pain, meteorism), the two groups did not
differ significantly. Complete recovery from clinical complaints
was recorded sooner in children (p<0.01) given LA. When
lyophilysate of LA bacteria was administered, complaints
associated also with other diseases of the digestive tract
(chronic enterocolitis, short bowel syndrome, irritable bowel
syndrome) improved.
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- Differentiation of bifidobacteria by use of
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction. Roy
D, Ward P, Champagne G (1996). Int J Food Microbiol
29:11-29.
Several different
genomic fingerprints can be obtained from various
commercially-important species of Bifidobacterium using
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) following digestion of DNA
with XbaI and SpeI. Four different genomic finger printings were
discernible for reference strains of Bifidobacterium animalis,
five for B. bifidum, three for B. breve, five for B. infantis and
three for B. longum. Standard commercially-available industrial
strains of B. animalis are identical to the reference strain ATCC
27536, previously isolated from chicken feces. There was more
genomic heterogeneity among industrial strains of B. longum, in
that only one gave profiles similar to the type strain of this
species (ATCC 15707). The other 14 commercially-available strains
of B. longum (mainly isolated from Japanese commercial
preparations) were divided into four new molecular types based on
their PFGE patterns. The PFGE method indicated that only five
distinct strains of B. longum and one strain of B. animalis are
used in commercial preparations. Additionally, the use of
polymerase chain reaction amplification of portions of 16S rDNA
provides a highly specific technique to discriminate between the
species B. breve, B. infantis and B. longum.
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Irritable Bowel
Syndrome. Kocián J (1994a). Vnitrni Lékarstvi, 40:
246-249.
Irritable bowel is a functional
gastrointestinal disorder with chronic or relapsing symptoms of
abdominal pain and impaired frequency and consistency of the
faeces caused by obscure structural or biochemical deviations. The
frequency of the condition in civilized countries is estimated to
amount to 15-20% of the population and it accounts for 25-50% of
all patients in gastroenterological ambulatory departments. From
the clinical aspect the type with dominant diarrhoea, typically in
the morning and very compelling, and the type with pain and
constipation are known but even combinations of the two types are
encountered. A psychosomatic disorder of the motility of the large
bowel and its tonus is involved associated with enhanced pain
perception. Despite great efforts to find aetiopathogenetic
factors, knowledge still is at the level of obscure theories. The
diagnosis is still established per exclusionem after all organic
causes are ruled out, i.e. we always have to differentiate between
an irritable bowel from an irritated one. In therapy the patient's
confidence in his doctor is most important and it is essential to
gain the patient's active cooperation. In case of diarrhoea a
low-residue diet is used, calcium carbonate, codeine, loperamide,
conversely in constipation adequate dietary fibre, intake
metoclopramide or cisapride. Pain is relieved by spasmolytics or
Ca channel blockers in the smooth musculature of the large bowel.
The associated dysbiosis is transformed into eubiosis by
Lactobacillus or other related bacterial products.
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Further Possibilities
in Treatment of Lactose Intolerance-Lactobacilli. Kocián J
(1994b). Prakticky Lékar, 74: 212-214.
After
administration of 2 billion lactobacilli per day from two weeks
the lactose tolerance improved in 19 patients with lactose
intolerance from milk on average by 1.62 g, cream cheese by 0.96 g
and cheese by 0.27 g. The calcium intake increased from milk on
average by 50 mg, cream cheese only by 20 mg but from cheese by
103 mg. The favourable effect of lactobacilli is probably due to
the content of beta-galactosidase in their cells, which breaks
down lactose into simple and readily absorbed hexoses - glucose
and galactose. In the small intestine bile must be present which
increases the permeability of the cellular wall for lactobacilli
and lactose thus enters their cells more easily and it makes
easier penetration of the enzyme into the intestinal contents
possible and thus promotes further breakdown of lactose in the
intestine.
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Lactobacilli in the Treatment of Dyspepsia
in Dysmicrobia in
Different Aetiology. Kocián J (1994c). Vnitrni Lékarstvi, 40:
79-83.
In 30 patients with dyspepsia caused by
dysbacteriosis of the gastrointestinal tract the authors
administered the preparation Lactobacillus acidophilus (Institut
Rosell Inc., Canada) - 1 Capsule with 2 billion live bacteria, in
the morning after breakfast. The patients were divided into four
groups: maldigestion, malabsorption, radiation enterocolitis and
administration of antibiotics. The patients recorded themselves
their subjective symptoms: pain, pressure, bloating, flatulence
and appetite, and as to objective symptoms, the number and
consistency of bowel movements, changes of body weight. The most
rapid effect was achieved in dysbioses after antibiotics - within
3-4 days normalization occurred which persisted even after
discontinuation of the drug. In maldigestion after one week
bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain and pressure in the
epigastrium was milder, and within two weeks the condition
improved further. An excellent effect was achieved in radiation
enterocolitis. In patients with lactose intolerance the tolerance
of dairy products improved. No side-effects were observed, the
preparation was very well tolerated; the mean body weight
increment was 0.75 kg in three weeks. The preparation proved a new
useful probiotic which is highly effective in dyspepsias caused by
dysbiosis of the intestinal microflora.
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